全文获取类型
收费全文 | 33340篇 |
免费 | 3178篇 |
国内免费 | 2338篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 363篇 |
2022年 | 347篇 |
2021年 | 1221篇 |
2020年 | 962篇 |
2019年 | 1180篇 |
2018年 | 1159篇 |
2017年 | 796篇 |
2016年 | 1193篇 |
2015年 | 2032篇 |
2014年 | 2256篇 |
2013年 | 2503篇 |
2012年 | 3042篇 |
2011年 | 2839篇 |
2010年 | 1701篇 |
2009年 | 1513篇 |
2008年 | 1843篇 |
2007年 | 1653篇 |
2006年 | 1510篇 |
2005年 | 1244篇 |
2004年 | 1162篇 |
2003年 | 986篇 |
2002年 | 894篇 |
2001年 | 719篇 |
2000年 | 657篇 |
1999年 | 582篇 |
1998年 | 316篇 |
1997年 | 307篇 |
1996年 | 291篇 |
1995年 | 248篇 |
1994年 | 267篇 |
1993年 | 182篇 |
1992年 | 320篇 |
1991年 | 295篇 |
1990年 | 247篇 |
1989年 | 230篇 |
1988年 | 194篇 |
1987年 | 156篇 |
1986年 | 146篇 |
1985年 | 152篇 |
1984年 | 143篇 |
1983年 | 104篇 |
1982年 | 90篇 |
1981年 | 57篇 |
1980年 | 59篇 |
1979年 | 75篇 |
1978年 | 69篇 |
1977年 | 59篇 |
1976年 | 67篇 |
1975年 | 63篇 |
1974年 | 75篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
We tried to establish compatible carbon content models of individual trees for a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantation from Fujian province in southeast China. In general, compatibility requires that the sum of components equal the whole tree, meaning that the sum of percentages calculated from component equations should equal 100%. Thus, we used multiple approaches to simulate carbon content in boles, branches, foliage leaves, roots and the whole individual trees. The approaches included (i) single optimal fitting (SOF), (ii) nonlinear adjustment in proportion (NAP) and (iii) nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression (NSUR). These approaches were used in combination with variables relating diameter at breast height (D) and tree height (H), such as D, D2H, DH and D&H (where D&H means two separate variables in bivariate model). Power, exponential and polynomial functions were tested as well as a new general function model was proposed by this study. Weighted least squares regression models were employed to eliminate heteroscedasticity. Model performances were evaluated by using mean residuals, residual variance, mean square error and the determination coefficient. The results indicated that models with two dimensional variables (DH, D2H and D&H) were always superior to those with a single variable (D). The D&H variable combination was found to be the most useful predictor. Of all the approaches, SOF could establish a single optimal model separately, but there were deviations in estimating results due to existing incompatibilities, while NAP and NSUR could ensure predictions compatibility. Simultaneously, we found that the new general model had better accuracy than others. In conclusion, we recommend that the new general model be used to estimate carbon content for Chinese fir and considered for other vegetation types as well. 相似文献
72.
A 14 kDa polypeptide in rat ileal cytosol has been identified as the major intestinal cytosolic bile acid-binding protein (I-BABP) by photoaffinity labeling with the radiolabeled 7,7-azo derivative of taurocholate (7,7-azo-TC). To further characterize I-BABP, the protein was purified by lysylglycocholate Sepharose 4B affinity and DE-52 anion-exchange chromatography. The purified I-BABP contained a single 14 kDa band on SDS-PAGE. The 14 kDa protein showed a 26-fold increase in binding affinity for [3H]7,7-azo-TC compared to cytosolic protein. Immunoblotting of protein fractions separated by affinity chromatography showed that neither liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) nor intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) bind to the affinity column and that the 14 kDa protein which bound to the column and was subsequently eluted with detergent did not cross-react with anti-L-FABP or anti-I-FABP. The 14 kDa protein labeled with [3H]7,7-azo-TC was radioimmunoprecipitated from cytosol by rabbit antiserum raised against purified I-BABP. I-BABP was shown to have a blocked N-terminus; however, its mixed internal sequence generated from cyanogen bromide-cleaved protein and amino acid composition indicated that it was related to (although clearly distinct from) both I-FABP and L-FABP. These studies have isolated a 14 kDa bile acid-binding protein from rat ileal cytosol which is immunologically and biochemically distinct from I-FABP and L-FABP. 相似文献
73.
Valerio Chiroli Minerva R. Batugo Stefano Biondi Annalisa Bonfanti Stefania Brambilla David C. Gale Lin Li Daniela Miglietta Fabio Nicoli Ganesh A. Prasanna Daniela Ronchetti William F. Vernier Wesley K.M. Chong 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2009,19(10):2785-2788
A novel class of timolol derivatives with nitric oxide (NO)-donating moieties achieved chemical stability yet under physiologically relevant conditions released timolol and NO. Hindered esters A were designed and synthesized, whose ‘triggered’ release relied on enzymatic hydrolysis of the nitrate ester in A to B, that in turn cyclized to liberate timolol. 相似文献
74.
Tian-Hai Yuan Yi Jiang Xiao-Hong Wang Dian-Long Wang Abhijit Bannerjee Susan Bane James P. Snyder Hai-Xia Lin 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2009,19(4):1148-1151
1-Deoxy-9α-dihydrotaxane analogs 9 and 10 were semi-synthesized from 1-deoxybaccatin VI, isolated from Taxus mairei, and tested for cytotoxic activity. Taxane 9 is 10-fold less cytotoxic than paclitaxel, while 10 is equally active. In the tubulin polymerization assay (ED50 values), 10 is 4-fold less effective than paclitaxel, but 3-fold superior to 9. These observations can be explained by analysis of the corresponding taxane/β-tubulin complexes. 相似文献
75.
Ding-Kwo Chang Shu-Fang Cheng Chi-Hui Lin EricAssen B. Kantchev Cheng-Wei Wu 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》2005,1712(1):37-51
Two glutamic acid-rich fusion peptide analogs of influenza hemagglutinin were synthesized to study the organization of the charged peptides in the membranous media. Fluorescence and gel electrophoresis experiments suggested a loose association between the monomers in the vesicles. A model was built which showed that a positional difference of 3, 7 and 4, 8 results in the exposure of Glu3 and Glu7 side chains to the apolar lipidic core. Supportive results include: first, pKa values of two pH units higher than reference value in aqueous medium for Glu3 and Glu7 CγH, whereas the deviation of pKa from the reference value for Glu4 and Glu8 CγH is substantially smaller; second, Hill coefficients of titration shift of these protons indicate anti-cooperativity for Glu3 and Glu7 side chain protons but less so for Glu4 and Glu8, implying a strong electrostatic interaction between Glu3 and Glu7 possibly resulting from their localization in an apolar environment; third, positive and larger titration shift for NH of Glu3 is observed compared to that of Glu4, suggesting stronger hydrogen bond between the NH and the carboxylic group of Glu3 than that of Glu4, consistent with higher degree of exposure to hydrophobic medium for the side chain of Glu3. 相似文献
76.
Yu-Chi Su Goutham Venkata Naga Davuluri Cheng-Hao Chen Dong-Che Shiau Chien-Chin Chen Chia-Ling Chen Yee-Shin Lin Chih-Peng Chang 《PloS one》2016,11(2)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in Taiwan. Although chemotherapy is the primary treatment for HCC patients, drug resistance often leads to clinical failure. Galectin-1 is a beta-galactoside binding lectin which is up-regulated in HCC patients and promotes tumor growth by mediating cancer cell adhesion, migration and proliferation, but its role in chemoresistance of HCC is poorly understood. In this study we found that galectin-1 is able to lead to chemoresistance against cisplatin treatment, and subsequent inhibition has reversed the effect of cell death in HCC cells. Moreover, galectin-1 was found to induce autophagic flux in HCC cells. Inhibition of autophagy by inhibitors or knockdown of Atg5 cancels galectin-1-induced cisplatin resistance in HCC cells. Increase of mitophagy triggered by galectin-1 was found to reduce the mitochondrial potential loss and apoptosis induced by cisplatin treatment. Finally, using an in situ hepatoma mouse model, we clearly demonstrated that inhibition of galectin-1 by thiodigalactoside could significantly augment the anti-HCC effect of cisplatin. Taken together, our findings offer a new insight into the chemoresistance galectin-1 causes against cisplatin treatment, and points to a potential approach to improve the efficacy of cisplatin in the treatment of HCC patients. 相似文献
77.
探究了染发剂对绿豆种子萌发生长的影响。染发剂对生物存在负面影响是肯定的,浓度越大,影响亦越大。综合3组实验进行分析,双氧奶对生物的危害最大,染色剂与双氧奶混合后对生物的危害次之,染色剂对生物的危害是3者中最小的。 相似文献
78.
William T. Beher Stanley G. Dienst Grace J. Lin Adolfo Morales Sofia Stradnieks 《Steroids》1982,40(4):413-424
The enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile acids has been studied in fasting dogs with portacaval shunt maintained in the steady state. In such animals the rate of EHC is proportional to systemic blood bile acid concentration. Bile acid EHC was irregular (20 to 100% variation) when measured at 15 minute or hourly intervals. Studies showed that the variations persisted in cholecystectomized and sphincterectomized animals. The irregularities were enhanced by bethanechol chloride which increases intestinal peristalsis and suppressed by diphenoxylate HCl which slows peristalsis. The variations appear to arise from irregular patterns of intestinal peristalsis. This phenomenon may explain some variations in blood bile acid concentration observed in patients with liver disease. 相似文献
79.
A new species Dendrocalamus menglongensis Hsueh & K. L. Wang ex N. H. Xia, R. S. Lin &Y. B. Guo is described and illustrated from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. It differs from D. giganteus by e.g. shorter internodes, 4–5 florets, a perfect terminal floret and persistent culm sheaths. A key to the new species and the other 7 species of Dendrocalamus known from Xishuangbanna is provided. 相似文献
80.
P S Lin L Kwock K Hefter D F Wallach 《International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine》1978,33(4):371-382
Thymocytes are one the most widely used cell models for the study of radiation-induced interphase death. This cell-type was chosen for the study of hyperthermic and radiation effects on two membrane-related processes implicated in the interphase death of cells: Na+-dependent 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) transport and cyclic 3'-5' adenosine monophsophate formation. The response of AIB transport to heat is dose-dependent, but the biphasic thermal response curve (AIB uptake versus time) differs fom the sigmoidal radiation response curve. Heating thymocytes for 20-30 min at 43 degrees C stimulates AIB uptake. Additional heating at 43 degrees C, however, markedly reduces AIB uptake. Despite the immediate stimulating effect of heat (30 min at 43 degrees C), the thymocyte has already developed irrepairable impairments, as demonstrated by the fractionated heating experiments. The heat-induced impairment of AIB uptake is mainly on the Na+-dependent component of neutral amino-acid transport, affecting primarily the maximal rate of uptake, i.e. Vmax. Additional evidence for heat-induced plasma membrane damage is the alteration in cAMP levels. Heating thymocytes for 30 min or longer at 43 degrees C causes a massive rise in cAMP level within the cell. This differs from thymocytes exposed to radiation where no rise in cAMP is observed. 相似文献